Is Jesus Christ God?
A Polemic Regarding The Deity of Christ
10 June 2010
Preface and Introductory Remarks
This question has been debated since the beginning of Church history and amongst several religious sects. Some of which include; Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mormons, Arians, Semi-Arians, Unitarians, Universalists, Spiritualists, The New Age movement, Muslims and others. There can be no middle ground on this question. Either Jesus Christ claims to Divinity are true or they are not. As C.S. Lewis once remarked He was either a “lunatic, liar, or Lord.” I will address in this article The Scriptural evidence including the LXX (Septuagint/The Greek translation of the Old Testament as well as the Greek New Testament.), The Early Church Fathers views, The Attributes of Christ (Characteristics), Christ’s own claims to divinity, The hypostatic union (That Jesus Christ was Fully God and Fully Man), and what renowned conservative systematic theologians have to say on the subject. This is by no means meant to be an exhaustive essay, but merely a starting point for those who wish to examine Christ’s Divinity with further study.
The Scriptural Evidence
John 1:1 “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God.” The Greek New Testament renders the last phrase as such; “and God was the Word.” Cult expert Dr. Walter Martin wrote, “Contrary to the translations of The Emphatic Diaglott and the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (Jehovah’s Witnesses texts emphasis mine), the Greek grammatical construction leaves no doubt whatsoever that this is the only possible rendering of the text. The subject of the sentence is Word, the verb was. There can be no direct object following “was” since according to grammatical usage intransitive verbs take no objects but take instead predicate nominative (in this case, Word. In fact, the late New Testament Greek scholar Dr. E.C. Colwell formulated a rule that clearly states that a definite predicate nominative (in this case, – God) never takes an article when it precedes the verb (was), as we find in John 1:1. It is therefore easy to see that no article is need for (God), and to translate it “a god” is both incorrect grammar and poor Greek since the predicate nominative of was in the third sentence clause of the verse and must refer back to the subject, Word. Christ, if He is the Word “made flesh” (John 1:14) can be no one else except God unless the Greek text and consequently God’s Word be denied.” This has become known as Colwells’ Rule. “When we say that Jesus is God, we do not mean that the Son is the same person as the Father. That would be in accord with another ancient church heresy known as modalism. John 1:1 commits no logical blunders when it states that the Word (the second person) is with God (the first person) and is himself God.” John 8:58 “Jesus said unto them Before Abraham was [born[, I am.” (bracketed mine). “In comparing this with the Septuagint translations of Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 43:10, we find that the translation is identical. In Exodus 3:14, Jehovah, speaking to Moses, said, “I AM,” which any intelligent scholar recognizes as synonymous with God. Jesus literally said to the Jews, “I am Jehovah,” and it is clear that they understood Him to mean just that, for they attempted, as the next verse reveals, to stone Him.” “Additional Old Testament references to Jehovah as “I AM,” include Deuteronomy 32:39, Isaiah 43:10, and Isaiah 48:12.” Phillipians 2:11 “And that every tongue should confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.” “If we compare this verse of Scripture with Colossians 2:9 and Isaiah 45:23; “I have sworn by myself, the word is gone out of my mouth in righteousness and shall not return, that unto me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall sear.” In Colossians 2:9 the apostle Paul, writing under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, declares, “For in Him [Christ] dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily.” The literal translation of the Greek word (Godhead) is Deity, so in Christ all the fullness of the Deity resides in the flesh.” “That Jesus and Jehovah are “One” in nature dare not be questioned from these verses, which so clearly reveal the pland and purpose of God. Paul sustains this argument in his epistle to the Phillipians (2:10-11) when he ascribes to the Lord Jesus the identity of Jehovah as revealed in Isaiah 45:23.”
The strongest case for Jesus being God is found in Isaiah 44:6, “Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God.” First and foremost we notice the word “and” here. There are two “LORD’s mentioned here. Who is the second LORD? The text is clear that it is The Redeemer. Who is the Redeemer? Jesus Christ. Anytime in Scripture when the word “LORD” is mentioned it is in reference to Jehovah or Yahweh. Revelation 1:8, Jesus is speaking and says, “I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord, which is, and which was, and which is to come, the Almighty.” There is no doubt that Jesus Christ is referring to Isaiah 44:6. You cannot have to firsts and two lasts, that is linguistic suicide. Jesus clearly is Jehovah God manifested in the flesh.
Isaiah 7:14 “Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. (Immanuel literally means “God with us.”) We see this in Matthew 1:23, “Behold, a virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son, and they shall call his name Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, god with us.“ Isaiah 9:6 “for unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be upon his shoulder: and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counselor, The Mighty God, The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no end.”
Jeremiah 23:5-6 “Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, and a King shall reign and prosper, and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. In his days Judah shall be saved, and Israel shall dwell safely: and this is his name whereby he shall be called, THE LORD OUR RIGHTEOUSNESS.” (Jesus Christ’s name is Hebrew is JHVH Tsidkenu, Jehovah our Righteousness. This is a powerful verse once again establishing that Jesus Christ is Deity!
Psalm 110:1-3 “The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool. The LORD shall send the rod of thy strength out of Zion: rule thou in the midst of thine enemies. Thy people shall be willing in the day of thy power…” In Hebrews 1:8 “But unto the Son he saith….v. 13 But to which of the angels said he at any time, SIT ON MY RIGHT HAND, UNTIL I MAKE THINE ENEMIES THY FOOTSTOOL.” These two parallel passages clearly indicate that Jesus Christ is God. The author of Hebrews clearly has Psalm 110 in mind.
Phillipians 2:5-8 “Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus: Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God: but made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men: And being found in fashion as a man, he humbled himself, and became obedient unto death, even the death of the cross.” Jesus frequently referred to himself as “The Son of Man,” and contained in the Gospels we see him referred to as “The Son of God.” Both of these titles can be understood in the last four clauses of this verse. Theologically they refer to what is termed as the hypostatic union. Simply put Jesus Christ was the God-Man. The dash is of extreme importance. Liberal theologians fail to understand that Jesus Christ while on earth was Fully God and Fully Man. When we encounter Christ in the Scriptures as “The Son of God,” or “The Son of Man,” It is indicative of his submission to His Father, while at the same time the usage of these terms denies His Divinity.
Colossians 2:8-10 “Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ. For in him dwelleth all the fullness of the Godhead bodily, and you are complete in him which is the head of all principality and power.”
I Timothy 3:16 “And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.”
Hebrews 1:8 “But unto the Son he saith, Thy throne O God, is forever and ever: a sceptre of righteousness is the sceptre of thy kingdom.”
Revelation 21:6,7 “And he [Jesus Christ] said unto me, It is done. I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give unto him that is athirst of the fountain of the water of life freely. He that overcometh shall inherit all things; and I will be his God, and he shall be my son.”
The theological evidence
“If what John and the rest of the New Testament writers claim about Jesus is true, then we literally have God in the flesh walking with and teaching a small band of disciples. If Jesus was God incarnate as He walked the earth, we have a first hand account of what God is like in the Biblical record.” Closson continues to write, “For if God truly became flesh and spoke directly to His disciples about such things as sin, redemption, a final judgment, false religions and true worship, then we have the God of the universe expressing intolerance towards other religious claims….He (Jesus) made many statements about himself that would be not only inappropriate, but blasphemous if He was not God in the flesh.”
“Mention should also be made of the use by New Testament writers of the word Lord for Jesus. The same Greek word was used in the Greek Old Testament the Septuagint, as the translated word for the Hebrew words, Yahweh and Adonai, tow special names given to God the Father. The apostles meant to apply the highest sense of this term when referring to Jesus.”
The Early Church Fathers
“Clement of Rome is a good example of this faith. Writing to the church at Corinth Clement implies Jesus’ equality with God the Father when he says, “Have we not one God, and one Christ and one Spirit of grace poured upon us.” Later, in his second letter, Clement tells his readers to “think of Jesus as Of God, as the judge of the living and dead.” Clement wrote of Jesus as the preexistent Son of God; in other words, Christ existed before He took on human flesh. Ignatius of Antioch spoke of Christ’s nature in his letter to the Ephesians, “There is only one physician, of flesh and of spirit, generate and ingenerate, God in man, life in death, Son of Mary and Son of God.” A little later, Irenaeus of Lyons (ca. A.D. 140-202) had to stress the humanity of Christ because of Gnostic heresy that therefore…one God the Father, and one Christ Jesus our Lord, who…gathered together all things in himself. But in every respect, too, he is man, becoming visible, the incomprehensible being made comprehensible, the impassible becoming capable of suffering, and the Word being made man, thus summing up all things in himself” (Against Heresies III,16). During the same time period, Tertullian of Carthage (ca. A.D. 155-240) wrote of Christ’s nature that “what is born I the flesh is flesh and what is born in the Spirit is spirit. Flesh doesn’t not become spirit nor spirit flesh. Evidently the can (both) be in one (person). Of these Jesus is composed, of flesh as man and of spirit as God” (Against Praxeas, 14). Later he added, “We see His double state, not intermixed but conjoined in one person, Jesus, God and Man.” (Against Praxeas, 27.”
Conservative Systematic Theologians Views
“Should Paul, after refusing to declare their own Messiah to belong distinctively to the Jews and carefully limiting his relation to them to merely that of issuing form them – and that, only “according to the flesh” – immediately assert with climatic emphasis that the supreme and eternal God himself is their peculiar possession?” “Is he the God of the Jews only and not also of the Gentiles?” Paul asks in the same broad context (Rom 3:29), and answers with emphasis , “Yes, of the Gentiles also”; and by that answer advertises to us that he could not have written here, in his enumeration of the distinctive prelates of the Jews, that “theirs is the God over all, blessed forever.” Here Warfield clearly shows that Christ is God in the flesh for both the Jews and the Gentiles. Warfield continues, “It is undeniable that in the philosphico-popular mode of speech here employed, “form” means just that body of characterizing qualities which makes anything the particular thing it is – in a word, its specific character. To say that Christ Jesus is “in the form of god” is then to say not less but more than to say shortly that he is “God” : for it is to emphasize the fact that he has in full possession and use all those characterizing qualities which make God the particular Being we call “God” ; and this mode of expression, rather than the simple term “God,” is employed here precisely because it was of the essence of the Apostle’s purpose to deep his reader’s mind on all that Christ was as God rather than merely on the abstract fact that he was God.” Warfield clearly sees what the Apostle Paul had in mind. In summary not only that Christ was God, but also all that he was and encompassed as a man. Regarding the two natures of Christ (Being Fully God, and Fully Man) Warfield remarks, “That is to say, the doctrine of the Two Natures of Christ is not merely the synthesis of the teaching of the New Testament, but the conception which underlies every one of the New Testament writings severally; it is not only the teaching of the New Testament as a whole but of the whole of the New Testament part by part. Historically, this means that not only has the doctrine of the Two Natures been the invariable presupposition of the whole teaching of the apostolic age rests on it as its universal presupposition.”
D.A. Carson, reformed theologian, and master exegete writes, “The deeds and words of Jesus are the deeds and words of God; if this be not true the book is Blasphemous” (Barret, p. 156)…Certainly there is ample evidence that the early Christians were not slow in coming to confess Jesus not only as Messiah but also as God (Rom. 9:5, Phil. 2:5-11, Col. 1:15-20)…John is the most straightforward of all the New Testament writers in this respect.” Any professing evangelical who reads the Scriptures will certainly come to this same conclusion. D.A. Carson continues, “The ultimate origins of Jesus Messiah, John will insist, are in the pre-incarnate Word who was with God and who was God. But when he comes to the account of Jesus’ public ministry on the stage of human history, the Evangelist, in common with the Synoptics and with early Christian preaching, begins with the witness of John the Baptist.” For anyone who approaches The Gospel of John without any presuppositions will undoubtedly come to the same conclusion.
There are numerous conservative theologians which could be quoted to further substantiate Jesus Claim to Divinity. For the sake of brevity I will refrain from quoting them. Evangelicalism as a whole has wholeheartedly embraced this claim, that Jesus was God. Just to name a few theologians who are helpful in this regard one could consult Wayne Grudem, Louis Berkhof, Millard Erickson, John Owen, John Calvin, Martin Luther, Charles Hodge, A.A. Hodge, Cornelius Van Til, John Frame, Greg Bahnsen, and others. The Reformed Confessions, especially The Westminster Confesssion of Faith, The Heidelberg Catchism, and especially the Synods of Dordt. I highly recommend the Puritans who are currently being published by the Banner of Truth Trust, Reformation Heritage Books, Sprinkle Publications, and Solid Grace Christian Books just to name a few.
Conclusion
In summary The Scriptures, The Early Church Fathers, theological evidence, and conservative systematic theologians substantiate Christ’s claim to Divinity. Time prohibited me to examine Jesus’ attributes that prove He was God for instance He forgave sins, His omnipotence, His pre-existence, His power to raise the dead, His omniscience, immutability, the fact that He was the Creator, the Judge of all mankind, and that He received worship as God. No other religious leader in history has ever possessed all of these attributes. I conclude with the words of the Psalmist David, “Kiss the Son, lest He be angry.”